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Estimated frost damage in Russia is based on a damage-threshold temperature of -15 degrees Celsius, indicating a reduced level of cold tolerance. Fall dryness had a negative effect on winter-crop establishment in Russia, but conditions were not as severe or as persistent as in Ukraine.
Last year, Rostov, Volgograd, Saratov, Voronezh, and Belgorod oblasts accounted for about 40 percent of Russia's harvested winter wheat area.
Note that the weather data indicate areas where winter wheat was subject to potentially damage conditions, and do not imply total losses within the indicated regions.